Diamond cut Diamond--Ultra-Vival

Rei Morishita from Japan: Environmentalist, poet, essayist. Everything, various things will be taken up. Originally, it was a blog about disasters, and expanded to say romance, for example, is a kind of disaster because it is a problem of one’s survival.

A chain that binds water  What is water? (3)

A chain that binds water  What is water? (3)


(6 episodes in all, I will post an article I wrote in a mini comic magazine from 1984 to 1985. It is old, but I admit that it still has a certain value. My writing, This is an article about training. Episode 3)

What is a "dam"? It is said that "a good technology that can generate various profits by damming the water flowing to waste and collecting it without leaking a drop". There was also a movie called "The Sun of Kurobe". Certainly, dams do not have only one function, but also have many functions such as power generation, tap water, agricultural water, industrial water, and flood prevention, and it is said that recent dams are particularly dexterous. (Multipurpose dam)

However, it does not go at face value. A "reservoir" for securing water for agriculture is a dam in a broad sense. But the modern dam at issue here is different. Because industry has appeared. The development of Japanese industry is accompanied by hydroelectric power generation, and it is Ashio Copper Mine and Chisso that have succeeded by skillfully incorporating hydroelectric power generation technology. They have left scars, Ashio Copper Mine and Minamata Disease, respectively. The history of power generation was also the history of pollution. It is the same in the current "multipurpose dam". Even for dams with flood prevention as a sign, power generation is often prioritized in actual operation, and it is advantageous to keep the dam full, so it is difficult to discharge water even during heavy rains. If it accumulates too much, it will rush to discharge water, causing floods downstream. ――― Thanks to the construction of the dam, floods occur almost every year. (Why don't you change the name to "Flood Promotion Dam"?)

Another topic at dams is "drought and water supply restrictions". But there are pitfalls. Well, it is a fact that a year with less rain comes in a cycle of 10 or 20 years, and the amount of water stored in the dam is calculated in consideration of that, but even in such a year, the dam operator excessively releases it, It can make the drought severe. Especially in dams for clean water. Fukuoka City is said to be one example.

The even worse story is that once there is a drought, it becomes an excuse to build a new dam. "There is not enough water." --- This is a big lie, and water demand has been leveling off since the oil crisis, so there is no need to actually build a new dam. It is correct to say, "There is excess water." However, in the vicinity of Tokyo, "water resource development" is being forced around the Tone and Arakawa rivers. The plan is based on the idea of "taking every drop of water from rivers and lakes." There is also a mess of draining water from Ozegahara (according to TEPCO). Development only for building a dam. Even if water is not actually used, beneficiaries are profitable, and mountains and rivers are definitely damaged.

Let's think about the dam itself again. Dams don't just store water. Unfortunately, water has a great capacity to contain other things. For example, earth and sand. Especially when the forests upstream of the dam are overdeveloped, the rivers in Japan are already torrents! .. When the river, which contains sediment and flows vigorously, approaches the entrance of the dam lake, it slows down and drops the sediment there. The riverbed (bottom of the river) rises and water flows higher, increasing the risk of flooding upstream of the dam. On the other hand, in the lower reaches of the dam, the riverbed will be scraped because the earth and sand that should come will not come at all.

The problem of earth and sand is the crying place of the dam, and if the dam is filled with earth and sand, the life of the dam will end. There is no dam that lasts 20 years at the earliest and 100 years at the longest. A dam that has become useless cannot be destroyed, and a vicious cycle of building the next dam upstream of it begins. It is similar to a nuclear power plant in that it cannot be redone. In addition, floods downstream of the dam occur in water that contains a large amount of earth and sand, and its destructive power is enormous. Where there is a dam, both upstream and downstream are at risk of disaster.

And what about the water that is stationary? Sediment and fallen leaves gather from the surroundings of the dam lake. These become nutrients, and plankton outbreaks occur in the summer. Although it is quiet in winter. As this process is repeated, the water in the dam lake becomes dull. This is natural if you store water in a climate like Japan. When this water is used as clean water, it surfaced as a problem of water pollution. (The previous trihalomethanes are also easier to produce.) The water is flowing, so it does not get dirty. If you save it, water will hurt your mood --- with the shallow wisdom of human beings, you can't bind water, and even if it looks like it's done, it seems that water is preparing a legitimate reward. I can't. A dam is a "chain that binds water." Dams go against the laws of nature. The dam is wasteful.

There is a surplus of water now, but if circumstances permit, consumption will increase again and more people will shout, "Not enough water." But do we really know how much water we need? If you don't understand it, but it's not enough, it won't make sense. For survival, 3 liters a day is enough for each person. With 150ℓ, there is no shortage of food, clothing and shelter. However, water and sewage facilities are usually built to use up to 500 liters per person per day. What is the difference, 350ℓ? Is it a privilege of the city people, a water messenger? When we want to use more water, I feel that something important is lost as much as we dance, no, as much as we dance. "If you have a surplus, you can use more." --- I hate it.


f:id:iirei:20201028041553j:plain

Selfish

The dam is full of problems. In terms of what can be done then, there is a movement to spread "water saving" and create achievements that do not require any more dams. To be sure, "water saving" is an effective way to solve the problem of dams. However, is there any unpleasant crack in "water saving"? ――― I think it's about pressing or molding. Similar to "energy saving" which is convenient for capitalists. I don't think it's very interesting if we accept the urban life as it is and put a cross-legged on it to save water. I hope more people think, "150ℓ shit! I'll get along with water in my way." --- I wish I could stay in the city and go ahead the city.

One last thing. Before my specialty was decided, I rode a bicycle and went to Otaki Village in Okuchichibu. Cycling is also my favorite. At that time, there was a dirty hut on a badly paved road. There is a strange standing. For me, the dam was an element of tourism. However, three years later, I visited the site again. This time to meet the owner of the hut. My host--- Mr. Takeshi Chijima has been campaigning against the construction of the "Takizawa Dam", which has been a reality for the past ten years (this dam is for solving water shortages in the metropolitan area). He told me that he was being harshed the Ministry of Construction, saying, "It will sink to the bottom of the dam, so there is no need for repairs." ――― Nodding to that, of course, I'm not the local. The only thing I can say is that even if it's a dam problem, after we get to know each other face-to-face, the story will start and we'll be close to solving it. (If you have a chance, see how to save water.)


Postscript

"Disaster": The word "災:disaster" means "worry", but this kanji means "upper (with three doglegs)" water "and the lower one. Needless to say, it is "fire". The ancient Chinese used "water" and "fire" to represent disasters, didn't they?


In addition, there are some kanji that can be said to be perfectly true. If you cross the above three doglegs and put a horizontal line, it means "stop the flow of water", which means "dam" and "disaster". In fact, there are such kanji.


f:id:iirei:20201028041632j:plain

Dam(a Chinese Hieroglyph)

Flood control was an important political issue in ancient China, suffering from flood damage. At that time, a person named "U:禹" succeeded in controlling the water by keeping the flow of water as it was without building a dam, and was later recommended to be the king. (this anecdote is from "Shokyou:書経":book of politics.)


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In Japanese, original



水を縛る鎖  水って、なあに?(3)


(ぜんぶで6話、私が1984年から1985年に渡って某ミニコミ誌に書いた記事を載せます。なにぶん古いですが、今でも一定の価値を持っていると自認しています。私の文章修行にあたる記事です。第3話。)
             
 「ダム」とは何でしょうか?「ムダに流れる水をせき止めて、一滴漏らさず溜めるおかげで、様々な利益を生み出せる、結構な技術」と言われます。「黒部の太陽」と言う映画もありましたし。確かに、ダムの働きは一つだけでなく、発電、上水、農業用水、工業用水、洪水防止など多数あり、特に最近のダムは、これらを器用にこなすと言われます。(多目的ダム)

 ところが、額面通りには行きません。農業用水確保用の「ため池」だって、広い意味のダムでしょう。しかし、ここで問題にしている近代的なダムは、別物です。工業が登場したので。日本の工業の発展は、水力発電と共にあり、巧みに水力発電の技術を取り入れて成功したのが、足尾銅山チッソです。それぞれ、足尾鉱毒水俣病という、今でもうずく傷跡を残しました。発電の歴史は、公害の歴史でもありました。それは、現在の「多目的ダム」でも大同小異です。洪水防止を看板にしたダムでも、実際の操作は、発電を優先することが多く、それには、ダムを満杯にしておくのが有利なので、豪雨時でも、なかなか放水しません。貯まりすぎるとあわてて放水し、下流に洪水を引き起こす。―――ダムが出来たおかげで、毎年のように洪水が起こる。(「洪水促進ダム」と改名したらどうかネ。)

 もう一つ、ダムで話題になるのは、「渇水と給水制限」でしょう。でも、落とし穴があります。まあ、十年、二十年の周期で雨の少ない年が来るのは事実で、ダムの貯水量もそれを考慮して計算されますが、そんな年でもダムの操作員が過剰放流して、渇水をひどくする場合があります。特に上水用のダムで。福岡市なども、その一例と言われています。

 さらにヒドい話は、ひとたび渇水騒ぎがあると、新たにダムをつくる口実になるということです。「水は足りない。」―――これは大ウソで、石油ショック以後、水需要が頭打ちの状態が続いており、実際には新たなダムを作る必要はありません。「水は余っている。」というのが正しい。しかし今、東京近辺では、利根川、荒川を中心に、「水資源開発」が強行されています。そのプランは、「一滴残らず、河川・湖沼から水を奪おう。」という発想のものです。尾瀬ヶ原から水を抜くという、メチャクチャなのもあります(東電による)。ダムを作るためだけの開発。実際に水は使われなくても、儲ける者は儲け、山河は確実に傷つきます。

ではもう一度、ダムそのものについて考えてみます。ダムが貯めるのは、水だけではありません。あいにく、水は他も包容する力が大きいので。例えば、土砂。ダム上流の山林が乱開発されている場合は特に大変ですが、ただでさえ日本の河川は急流です!。土砂を含んで勢いよく流れる川が、ダム湖の入り口に差し掛かると、減速して、土砂をそこに落とします。河床(川の底)が上昇し、水は高いところに流れるようになり、その分ダム上流部の洪水の危険度が増します。一方ダム下流部では、来るはずの土砂がまったく来ませんから、逆に河床が削られていきます。

土砂の問題はダムの泣き所であり、ダムが土砂で埋まれば、ダムの寿命は尽きます。早くて二十年、長くても百年もつダムはありません。ダメになったダムも壊す訳にはいかず、次のダムをその上流に作り・・・・の悪循環が始まります。やり直しの効かない点、原発に似ています。また、ダム下流の洪水は、土砂を多量に含んだ水で起こり、その破壊力は強大です。ダムがあるところ、上・下流とも、災害の危険にさらされるのです。

さらに、静止させられている水はどうなるでしょうか。ダム湖には、その周囲から土砂や落葉などが集まります。これらが栄養となって、夏にはプランクトンが大発生します。冬はおとなしくしていますが。これを繰り返すうちに、ダム湖の水はくさります。日本のような気候で水を貯めれば、当然起こることです。この水を上水として使う場合、水質汚濁の問題として表面化します。(前回のトリハロメタンも出来やすくなる。)水は流れているからこそ、汚れないのです。なまじ貯めると、水は機嫌を損ねる―――人間の浅知恵で、水を縛ることは出来ない、出来たように見えても、その正当な報酬を、水は用意しているのだ、と思えてなりません。ダムは「水を縛る鎖」です。ダムは、自然の法則に逆らうものです。ダムはムダ。

現在、水は余っていますが、状況が許せば再び消費は伸び、「水は足りない。」と叫ぶ声が大きくなることでしょう。でも、わたしたちはどれだけ水が必要なのか、本当に解っているのでしょうか。解ってもいないのに、足りない、では筋が通らないでしょう。生存のためなら、一人一日3ℓで十分。150ℓあれば、衣食住に事欠きません。ところが、上下水道の施設は、一人一日最大で500ℓ使うものとして作られるのが普通になっています。その差、350ℓとは何なのでしょう。都市民の特権、水の使いシロとでもいうのでしょうか。私たちが、水をもっと使いたいと、踊らされる分、いや踊る分、何か大切なものが失われる気がします。「余っているなら、もっと使ってもいいじゃないか。」―――私は嫌です。

ダムは問題だらけ。それでは何が出来るかと言う点で、「節水」を広めて、これ以上ダムは要らない実績を作ろう、という運動があります。確かに「節水」は、ダムの問題への有効な切り口です。しかし「節水」には、嫌なヒビキがありませんか。―――思うにそれは、押し付け、あるいは型にはめることだから。資本家に都合の良い「省エネ」と似て。都市型の生活をそのまま認めて、その上にあぐらをかいての「節水」だとすれば、あんまり面白くないと思うのです。「150ℓくそくらえ!俺は俺のやり方で水とつきあうぜ。」と考える人が増えたらいいね―――都会にいて、都会を越えられたらいいね、と思います。

最後に一つ。専門の決まる以前、私は自転車をこいで、奥秩父大滝村へ行きました。一丁前にもサイクリングです。そのとき、ひどい舗装の道路ぞいに、汚い小屋がありました。変な立て看があって。私にとって、ダムとは観光の一要素だったのです。ところがそれから三年後、再び現地を訪れました。今度は、小屋の主人に会うために。主人―――千島武氏は、ここ十数年実にしたたかな「滝沢ダム」建設反対運動をやっておられ、(このダムは首都圏の水不足解消用です。)道路がひどいのも、「どうせダムの底に沈むから、改修の必要なし。」という建設省のいやがらせだ、といった話を、そこで作った食物を振舞いながらしてくれました。―――それにうなずく私は、もちろん現地の人ではありません。ただ言えることは、ダムの問題にせよ、お互い顔を合わせて知り合ってから、話も始まるし、解決にも近づくのだろう、ということです。(「節水」の方法については、機会があれば、また。)



後記


@1「災」:「災害」の「災」と言う字でも単独で「わざわい」を意味しますが、この漢字は「上の(くの字3本で)「水」を意味し、下は言わずと知れた「火」です。古代中国人は「水」と「火」で災害を代表させていたのですね。


さらに、まさかといえる漢字もあります。上の「くの字3本を横断して一本横線をいれると「水の流れを留めること」になり、これは「ダム」、「災い」を意味するのです。実際、こんな漢字があるのです。



古代中国では水害に悩まされていて、治水は重要な政治課題でした。このとき「禹」(う)という者がダムを造らず、水の流れをそのままにするという方法で治水に成功し、後に、王に推挙されたというのです。(この逸話、『書経』より。)



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